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Academia Brasileira de Letras (ABL) ( English: ''Brazilian Academy of Letters'') is a Brazilian literary non-profit society established at the end of the 19th century by a group of 40 writers and poets inspired by the Académie Française. The first president, Machado de Assis, declared its foundation on December 15, 1896, with the by-laws being passed on January 28, 1897. On July 20 of the same year, the Academy entered into operation. The Brazilian Academy of Letters is, according to its statutes, charged with the care of the "national language" of Brazil (the Portuguese language) and with the promotion of Brazilian literary arts. The Academy is considered the foremost institution devoted to the Portuguese language in Brazil. Although it is not a state institution and no law grants to it oversight over the language, by its prestige and technical qualification it is the paramount authority on Brazilian Portuguese. The Academy's main publication in this field is the Orthographic Vocabulary of the Portuguese Language (''Vocabulário Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa'') of which there were five editions. The ''Vocabulary'' is prepared by the Academy's Commission on Lexicology and Lexicography. If a word is not included in the ''Vocabulary'', it is considered not to exist as a correct word in Brazilian Portuguese. The ''Orthographic Vocabulary'', however, is not a Dictonary, as it contains words and their grammatical categories, but not the definition or meaning of the words listed. Thus, unlike the French Academy, the Royal Spanish Academy and other foreign institutions dedicated with the care of a national language, the Brazilian Academy of Letters, until recently, published no official dictionary. Although it still stopped short of publishing a full official dictionary, the Academy issued its first dictionary in 2009, the School Dictionary of the Portuguese Language (''Dicionário Escolar da Língua Portuguesa''), with students as its target customers. The Academy does plan to publish a full and official Dictionary of the Brazilian Academy of Letters in the future. For the time being, however, other dictionaries such as the ''Aurélio'' and the ''Houaiss'' remain more prestigious than the ''School Dictionary'', in spite of the fact that the latter is sometimes marketed by booksellers as the "ABL's Dictionary", due to its being authored by the Academy. Both the ''Houaiss'' and the ''Aurélio'' Dictionaries, however, were first compiled by members of the Academy (Antônio Houaiss and Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira, respectively) in their private capacities and as personal professional enterprieses. The preparation of an official dictionary of the Portuguese Language is a stated goal of the Brazilian Academy of Letters The Academy is composed to this day of 40 members, known as "immortals", chosen from among the citizens of Brazil, who have published recognized works or books of literary value. The position of "immortal" is awarded for the recipient's lifetime. New members are admitted by a vote of the Academy members when one of the "chairs" become vacant. The chairs are numbered and each has a Patron: the Patrons are 40 great Brazilian writers that were already dead when the Academy was founded; the names of the Patrons were chosen by the Founders and they were honored ''post mortem'' by each being assigned patronage over a chair. Thus, each of the 40 chairs is associated with its current holder, with the predecessors of the current holder who occupied it before him, and, in particular, with the Founder who occupied it first, but also with the seat's Patron. The academicians use formal gala gilded uniforms with a sword (the uniform is called "fardão") when participating in official meetings of the Academy. During periods of dictatorship and military régime, the Academy's neutrality in choosing proper members dedicated to the literary profession was compromised when it elected politicians with few or no contributions to literature, such as ex-president Getúlio Vargas. The Academy, which was a purely male affair until the groundbreaking election of novelist Rachel de Queiroz in 1977 for chair No. 5, now has four women members (10% of its total membership), one of which, Nélida Piñon, served as president in 1996–97. The Academy, thanks to revenues in excess of $4 million a year, is financially stable. It owns a skyscraper with 28 floors (''Palácio Austregésilo de Athaide''), in the center of Rio, which the Academy rents for office space, generating 70% of its current revenue. The rest comes from rental of other buildings, which were legated by book editor Francisco Alves, in 1917, and from financial investments. This comfortable situation allows for paying a "jeton" to each academician. The ABL is located just by its side, in a neoclassical building, which is named "Petit Trianon". It was donated by the government of France in 1923 and is so named because it is a copy of the Petit Trianon palace in Versailles, near Paris, France. It has recently inaugurated one of the largest public libraries in Rio, with 90,000 volumes and a multimedia center. The Academy annually awards several literary prizes: the Prêmio Machado de Assis (the most important literature prize in the country, awarded for lifework), and the ABL prizes for poetry, for fiction and drama, for essays, critic and history of the literature, and for children's literature. Sometimes, an extraordinary commemorative prize is also awarded, such as the José Lins do Rego prize, in 2001, and the Afonso Arinos prize, in 2005. The Academy also publishes a literary periodical, the Brazilian Review (''Revista Brasileira''), with quarterly editions. ==Original patrons== # Adelino Fontoura # Álvares de Azevedo # Artur de Oliveira # Basílio da Gama # Bernardo Guimarães # Casimiro de Abreu # Castro Alves # Cláudio Manuel da Costa # Gonçalves de Magalhães # Evaristo da Veiga # Fagundes Varela # França Júnior # Francisco Otaviano # Franklin Távora # Gonçalves Dias # Gregório de Matos # Hipólito da Costa # João Francisco Lisboa # Joaquim Caetano da Silva # Joaquim Manuel de Macedo # Joaquim Serra # José Bonifácio the Younger # José de Alencar # Júlio Ribeiro # Junqueira Freire # Laurindo Rabelo # Antônio Peregrino Maciel Monteiro # Manuel Antônio de Almeida # Martins Pena # Pardal Mallet # Pedro Luís Pereira de Sousa # Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre # Raul Pompeia # Sousa Caldas # Tavares Bastos # Teófilo Dias # Tomás António Gonzaga # Tobias Barreto # Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen # José Maria da Silva Paranhos, Sr. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Academia Brasileira de Letras」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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